INDICATIONS
- Chronic bacterial sinusitis unresponsive to adequate medical treatment.
- Recurrent acute bacterial sinusitis.
- Polypoid rhinosinusitis (diffuse nasal polyposis).
- Fungal sinusitis with fungal ball or nasal polypi.
- Antrochoanal polyp.
- Mucocele of frontontoehmoid or sphenoid sinus.
- Control of epistaxis by endoscopic cautery.
- Removal of foreign body from the nose or sinus.
- Endoscopic septoplasty.
ADVANCED NASAL ENDOSCOPIC TECHNIQUES
- Removal of benign tumours, eg. inverted papillomas or angiofibromas.
- Orbital abscess or cellulitis management
- Dacryocystorhinostomy.
- Repair of CSK leak.
- Pituitary surgery.
- Optic nerve decompression.
- Oribital decompression for Graves’ disease,
- Control of posterior epistaxis (endoscopic clipping of sphenopalatine artery).
- Choanal atresia.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
- Inexperience and lack of proper instrumentation.
- Disease inaccessible by endoscopic procedures, e.g. lateral frontal sinus disease and stenosis of internal opening of frontal sinus.
- Osteomyelitis,
- Threatened intracranial or intraorbital complication.
COMPLICATIONS
Major | Minor |
1.Orbital haemorrhage | 1.Periorbital ecchymosis |
2.Loss of vision/blindness | 2.Periorbital emphysema |
3.Diplopia | 3.Postoperative epistaxis |
4.CSF leak | 4.Postoperative infection: |
5.Meningitis | rhinitis or sinusitis |
6.Brain abscess | 5.Adhesions |
7.Massive haemorrhage | 6.Stenosis of maxillary or |
requiring blood transfusion | frontal sinus opening |
8.Intracranial haemorrhage | 7.Exacerbation of asthma |
and direct brain trauma | 8.Hyposmia |
9.Anosmia | 9.Dental pain |
10.Injury to internal carotid | |
artery in sphenoid sinus | |
11.Injury to nasolacrimal duct | |
and epiphora | |
12.Death |